While the continuous aspect of delayed coking is straightforward, problems arise in the batchwise filling and emptying of coke drums. The table below summarizes a…
Coking is an old process but one that is becoming more important as the quality of the world’s crude supply deteriorates. As the sulfur, metals,…
The time interval (Td) in which no response of the system is detected following a small (usually 0.25% – 5%) step input. It is measured…
The range through which an input signal can be varied, upon reversal of direction, without initiating an observable change in the output signal. Dead band…
What we know about vapor-liquid equilibria is mainly based on experimental data. There are of course predictive methods, but they are based on the results…
Membrane separation operations are still seldom used in refining today. The potential applications of the different ultrafiltration, pervaporation and gaseous permeation technologies are described in…
In an adsorption operation the movement of the solid phase gives rise to serious problems (solid phase displacement devices, mechanical resistance of the adsorbent, etc.).…
Table 1.1 shows that the most common separation operations are based on equilibrium selectivity, also termed thermodynamic selectivity. This selectivity is due to the fact…
Separation can also be based on kinetic selectivity, i.e. on a difference in migration velocity of the relevant components. This principle is used in a…
Separation operations based on equilibrium selectivity can be classified according to the separating agent that is used (matter or energy) and the nature of the…