What we know about vapor-liquid equilibria is mainly based on experimental data. There are of course predictive methods, but they are based on the results…
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Membrane separation operations are still seldom used in refining today. The potential applications of the different ultrafiltration, pervaporation and gaseous permeation technologies are described in…
In an adsorption operation the movement of the solid phase gives rise to serious problems (solid phase displacement devices, mechanical resistance of the adsorbent, etc.).…
Table 1.1 shows that the most common separation operations are based on equilibrium selectivity, also termed thermodynamic selectivity. This selectivity is due to the fact…
Separation can also be based on kinetic selectivity, i.e. on a difference in migration velocity of the relevant components. This principle is used in a…
Separation operations based on equilibrium selectivity can be classified according to the separating agent that is used (matter or energy) and the nature of the…
A crude oil is made up of a complex mixture of a very large number of components, most of which are hydrocarbons. In order to…
The tower differential pressure is the difference between the pressures at the bottom of the tower and the pressures at top of the tower. This…
The temperature decreases as the material move higher in the tower. The gradual decrease in temperature from the bottom of the distillation tower to the…
Temperature control is crucial to the operation of distillation system, correct temperatures are necessary to vaporize the lighter components to the liquid mixture while keeping…