The thickness of a conical head or sections under internal pressure, with a half-apex angle smaller than 30°, is calculated by simple ASME Code membrane-stress…

Discontinuity stresses in shell-to-torispherical head junctions are due to sharp changes in the radius of curvature at points “a” and “2” of Figure 100-7. Since…

For a 2:1 elliptical head, the ASME Code equation gives a thickness equal to or very close to that of the adjoining shell. This value…

A hemispherical head is almost always thinner than a cylindrical shell, and, therefore, a structural discontinuity exists at the junction of the head with the…

Discontinuities in cylindrical shells occur when the shell is constructed of portions of different thicknesses and/or different materials. If the cylinder is long enough, the…

Discontinuity stresses can be evaluated using the general bending theory of thin cylindrical shells. Since this method uses edge forces and moments as unknown quantities,…

Pressure vessels consist of axially symmetrical elements of different geometries and thicknesses, and sometimes different materials. If these individual components were allowed to expand freely…

Conical shapes are used mainly as bottom end closures, or as transition sections between cylinders with different diameters. The circumferential stress (Qt) and longitudinal stress…

The unstayed flat head, or cover, is a common type of closure for vessels. It may be integrally formed with the shell, or welded to…

A torispherical head, sometimes referred as a “dished head,” simulates an elliptical head with a compound curve composed of a crown radius that is a…