The critical compressive stress (scr) for buckling (collapse) of a spherical shell has been experimentally determined to be approximated by: where R is the radius…

The critical collapse pressure (Pc) of a cylindrical shell under external pressure depends on two characteristic geometric ratios: t/Do and L/Do, where t is the…

External pressure on a vessel most commonly occurs when a vacuum or partial vacuum is created inside of the vessel by (1) design, (2) discharge…

Thermal-expansion problems can occur whenever there is: (1) a considerable difference between the vessel operating temperature and the temperature of the environment surrounding the vessel;…

Most vessels are also subject to loadings at the supports, nozzles, and attachments. These loadings produce deflections, edge rotations, shears, bending moments, and membrane forces.…

Because stresses around openings are higher than the normal design stresses for the plate thickness, additional material must be provided to carry the additional stress…

All pressure vessels must be provided with openings to get the process fluid in and out, and to provide entry for maintenance and inspection. When…

The normal equations for stresses in pressure vessels are based on the assumption that there is continuous elastic action throughout the member, and that the…

At high pressures (over 150 psi), where discontinuity stresses at the cone-to-cylinder junction can reach values above allowable limits, conical reducers having a knuckle radius…

The thickness of a conical head or sections under internal pressure, with a half-apex angle smaller than 30°, is calculated by simple ASME Code membrane-stress…