Preheating is the process of raising the temperature of the base metal above ambient temperature immediately before welding and holding it during welding. Preheating is…

Inert backing gas (such as Ar, CO2, or possibly N2 for stainless steel vessels) is required with GMAW and GTAW processes for root passes of…

Shielding gases for GTAW, GMAW and FCAW-G processes are used to shield the welding arc and molten weld metal from nitrogen and oxygen in the…

Flux is used in several different forms depending upon the welding process. For the SMAW process, it is extruded as a coating on the electrodes.…

The SAW (submerged arc welding) process uses a continuously fed consumable electrode (or electrodes) in the form of a wire or strip (for weld overlays)…

FCAW (flux cored arc welding) is a variation of the GMAW process which uses flux-cored wire instead of solid bare wire. Among other things, the…

GMAW (gas metal arc welding), commonly referred to as “MIG” welding, utilizes an automatically fed consumable electrode in the form of wire from a spool…

GTAW (gas tungsten arc welding), commonly referred to as “TIG” welding, utilizes a nonconsumable tungsten electrode and separate filler metal in the form of wire…

SMAW (shielded metal arc welding), commonly referred to as “stick” welding, is strictly a manual process that uses a consumable flux-coated metal electrode to provide…

Note PWHT is a very important factor that can have a significant effect on the integrity and reliability of the vessel. Omitted or improperly performed…